CIRCUIT DIRECTORY

Automatic Plant Watering System Using Arduino Uno  By Suman Majhi Coding Solution Introduction In this system, soil moisture sensor senses the moisture level of the soil. If soil will get dry then sensor senses low moisture level and automatically switches on the water pump to supply water to the plant. As plant get sufficient water and soil get wet then sensor senses enough moisture in soil. After which the water pump will automatically get stopped. Automatic plant watering system coding int WATERPUMP = 13; //motor pump connected to pin 13 int sensor = 8; //sensor digital pin vonnected to pin 8 int val; //This variable stores the value received from Soil moisture sensor. void setup() { pinMode(13,OUTPUT); //Set pin 13 as OUTPUT pin pinMode(8,INPUT); //Set pin 8 as input pin, to receive data from Soil moisture sensor. //Initialize serial and wait for port to open: Serial.begin(9600); // opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps while (! Serial);// wait for serial ...

How to get pure sinusoidal AC output from DC input using PWM inverter By Suman Majhi What is Inverter? Inverter is an electrical equipment which is used to convert dc supply into AC supply. there are two different types of inverter used in the electrical field. they are given below, 1) square wave inverter 2) sine wave inverter here we will going to see about how to convert pure dc into pure ac sinusoidal wave. these process involved different steps. so we will briefly discuss about each steps. Square wave inverter Generally all inverter produced square wave ac output only. because square wave inverter is not required any addition component to convert ac from dc supply. even cost wise its really cheaper then pure sine wave inverter. working of square wave inverter The working of square wave inverter is  explained through below diagram. let us consider full bridge rectifier, S1,S2,S3 and S4 are switches and resistance is load. let switch s1 & s2 keep it on and switch s3 ...

Difference between Alternator & Generator By Suman Majhi Alternator Vs Generator Alternators and generators are two devices which generate electricity. Both alternators and generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. An alternator can be called a type of generator. Although both these devices serve the same function, they are quite different in every other aspect. An alternator is a charging system for cars that produces electricity. Generators are used in the production of large-scale electricity. Both alternators and generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The main difference between them is in regard to what spins and what is fixed. In an alternator, electricity is produced when a magnetic field spins inside the stator (windings of wire). In a generator, on the other hand, the armature or windings of wire spin inside a fixed magnetic field to generate electricity. Alternators are considered more efficient than generators. Alternators conserv...

How to do Relay settings Post by Suman Majhi Relay Settings   here we can see about what is relay and how to do relay settings. Relay is a device used to protect the equipment from damage during the abnormal or faulty conditions. usually relays having two coil supply A1 and A2, two NO and NC contacts, and common supply contacts. working whenever the coil in the relay get energized, the relay transfer the voltage from common to NO contacts. at normal condition it transfer voltage from  common to NC contacts. usually coil supply will be DC voltage. Types of Relay based on protection it’s classified into different types, under voltage relay over voltage relay under frequency relay over current relay earth fault relay fault trip send relay fault trip receive relay logout relay negative phase sequence relay reverse power forward relay Relay Settings Calculation as per relay settings we need to find base current IE first, IE = IN x 1/CT IE- base current IN – rated full load current ...

  Difference between Converter and Inverter Post by Suman Majhi Converters and inverters are electrical devices that convert current. Converters convert the voltage of an electric device, usually alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). On the other hand, invertersconvert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). Converter Inverter What it is Electrical devices that convert the voltage from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).Electrical devices that convert the voltage from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).TypesAnalog-to-digital converter (ADC) Digital-to-analog converter (DAC) Digital-to-digital converter (DDC)Square wave inverter Quasi wave or Modified square wave inverter True/Pure Sine wave invertersApplicationsConvert AC to DC; detect amplitude modulated radio signals; supply polarized voltage for welding.Convert DC electricity from solar panels, batteries or fuel cells to AC; micro-inverters for converting DC power from solar panels t...

How to get free electricity in your Home? Written by Suman Majhi Nowadays the cost of electricity is more and it will be increase in future also. so how to save our electric bills?. Its quite simple, there are different way available in the world to limit our electricity bills. Some of the useful way given below, 1. solar power 2. wind power solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect. How to connect solar power at home It’s very simple to connect solar power to your home, by follow this method you can easily connect your home to solar power. The main component of solar power solar pannel battery charge controller inverter Depend on your lo...

WI-FI ROUTER NETWORK-BASED OCCUPANCY ESTIMATION TO OPTIMIZE HVAC ENERGY CONSUMPTION  Research By  Krishna Chaitanya J Simma, Susan M Bogus and Andrea Mammoli ABSTRACT   More than half of the commercial building stock in the United States was built before 1980 prior to the increased focus on energy efficiency. In the current age of Smart and Green buildings, owners incorporating expensive sensor infrastructure to reduce building energy consumption and improve the building occupants’ satisfaction, efficiency, and comfort levels. The success of these automated building systems is influenced by the ability to estimate building occupancy. Recently, researchers shifted their focus towards exploring different occupancy estimation techniques with both dedicated sensors and existing infrastructure (e.g. CO2 sensors, Smart meters, temperature and humidity sensors, and wi-fi networks). However, there are concerns about the cost effectiveness, computational effort, accuracy and priva...